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A comparative introduction to major global wireless standards, technologies and their applications

From GSM to LTE-Advanced Pro and 5G: An Introduction to Mobile Networks and Mobile Broadband, 3rd Edition provides technical descriptions of the various wireless technologies currently in use. It explains the rationales behind their differing mechanisms and implementations while exploring the advantages and limitations of each technology.

This edition has been fully updated and substantially expanded to reflect the significant evolution in mobile network technology occurring over the past several years. The chapter on LTE has been extensively enhanced with new coverage of current implementations of LTE carrier aggregation, mobility management, cell reselection and handover procedures, as well as the latest developments in 5G radio and core networks in 3GPP. It now features additional information on the TD-LTE air interface, IPv6 in mobile networks, Network Function Virtualization (NFV) and Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IOT). Voice-over-LTE (VoLTE) is now treated extensively in a separate chapter featuring coverage of the VoLTE call establishment process, dedicated bearer setup, header compression, speech codec and bandwidth negotiation, supplementary service configuration and VoLTE emergency calls. In addition, extensive coverage of Voice-over-Wifi and mission critical communication for public safety organizations over LTE has been added. The WLAN chapter now provides coverage of WPA2-Professional with certificates for authentication in large deployments, such as the global Eduroam network and the new WLAN 60 GHz air interface. Bluetooth evolution has been addressed by including a detailed description of Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) in the chapter devoted to Bluetooth.

Describes the different systems based on the standards, their practical implementation and design assumptions, and the performance and capacity of each system in practice is analyzed and explained
Questions at the end of each chapter and answers on the accompanying website make this book ideal for self-study or as course material.



Preface xiii

1 Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) 1

1.1 Circuitü]Switched Data Transmission 1

1.1.1 Classic Circuit Switching 2

1.1.2 Virtual Circuit Switching over IP 3

1.2 Standards 4

1.3 Transmission Speeds 5

1.4 The Signaling System Number 7 6

1.4.1 The Classic SSü]7 Protocol Stack 7

1.4.2 SSü]7 Protocols for GSM 9

1.4.3 IPü]Based SSü]7 Protocol Stack 10

1.5 The GSM Subsystems 12

1.6 The Network Subsystem 12

1.6.1 The Mobile Switching Center (MSC), Server and Gateway 13

1.6.2 The Visitor Location Register (VLR) 16

1.6.3 The Home Location Register (HLR) 17

1.6.4 The Authentication Center 20

1.6.5 The Short Messaging Service Center (SMSC) 22

1.7 The Base Station Subsystem (BSS) and Voice Processing 24

1.7.1 Frequency Bands 24

1.7.2 The Base Transceiver Station (BTS) 26

1.7.3 The GSM Air Interface 27

1.7.4 The Base Station Controller (BSC) 35

1.7.5 The TRAU for Voice Encoding 39

1.7.6 Channel Coder and Interleaver in the BTS 43

1.7.7 Ciphering in the BTS and Security Aspects 45

1.7.8 Modulation 49

1.7.9 Voice Activity Detection 49

1.8 Mobility Management and Call Control 51

1.8.1 Cell Reselection and Location Area Update 51

1.8.2 The Mobileü]Terminated Call 53

1.8.3 Handover Scenarios 56

1.9 The Mobile Device 58

1.9.1 Architecture of a Voiceü]Centric Mobile Device 58

1.9.2 Architecture of a Smartphone 60

1.10 The SIM Card 62

1.11 The Intelligent Network Subsystem and CAMEL 66

Questions 69

References 69

2 General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) and EDGE 71

2.1 Circuitü]Switched Data Transmission over GSM 71

2.2 Packetü]Switched Data Transmission over GPRS 72

2.3 The GPRS Air Interface 74

2.3.1 GPRS vs. GSM Timeslot Usage on the Air Interface 74

2.3.2 Mixed GSM/GPRS Timeslot Usage in a Base Station 77

2.3.3 Coding Schemes 77

2.3.4 Enhanced Datarates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) 78

2.3.5 Mobile Device Classes 82

2.3.6 Network Mode of Operation 83

2.3.7 GPRS Logical Channels on the Air Interface 84

2.4 The GPRS State Model 86

2.5 GPRS Network Elements 89

2.5.1 The Packet Control Unit (PCU) 89

2.5.2 The Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) 91

2.5.3 The Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) 93

2.6 GPRS Radio Resource Management 94

2.7 GPRS Interfaces 98

2.8 GPRS Mobility Management and Session Management (GMM/SM) 103

2.8.1 Mobility Management Tasks 103

2.8.2 GPRS Session Management 106

Questions 108

References

109

3 Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) and Highü]Speed Packet Access (HSPA) 111

3.1 Overview, History and Future 111

3.1.1 3GPP Release 99: The First UMTS Access Network Implementation 113

3.1.2 3GPP Release 4: Enhancements for the Circuitü]Switched Core Network 115

3.1.3 3GPP Release 5: Highü]Speed Downlink Packet Access 116

3.1.4 3GPP Release 6: Highü]Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) 117

3.1.5 3GPP Release 7: Even Faster HSPA and Continued Packet Connectivity 117

3.1.6 3GPP Release 8: LTE, Further HSPA Enhancements and Femtocells 118

3.1.7 3GPP Release 9: Digital Dividend and Dualü]Cell Improvements 118

3.1.8 3GPP Releases 10 and Beyond 119

3.2 Important New Concepts of UMTS 119

3.2.1 The Radio Access Bearer (RAB) 119

3.2.2 The Access Stratum and Nonü]Access Stratum 120

3.2.3 Common Transport Protocols for CS and PS 121

3.3 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 121

3.3.1 Spreading Factor, Chip Rate and Process Gain 125

3.3.2 The OVSF Code Tree 126

3.3.3 Scrambling in Uplink and Downlink Direction 127

3.3.4 UMTS Frequency and Cell Planning 128

3.3.5 The Near-Far Effect and Cell Breathing 129

3.3.6 Advantages of the UMTS Radio Network Compared to GSM 131

3.4 UMTS

Channel Structure on the Air Interface 132

3.4.1 User Plane and Control Plane 132

3.4.2 Common and Dedicated Channels 132

3.4.3 Logical, Transport and Physical Channels 133

3.4.4 Example: Network Search 137

3.4.5 Example: Initial Network Access Procedure 139

3.4.6 The Uu Protocol Stack 141

3.5 The UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) 146

3.5.1 Nodeü]B, Iub Interface, NBAP and FP 146

3.5.2 The RNC, Iu, Iub and Iur Interfaces, RANAP and RNSAP 147

3.5.3 Adaptive Multirate (AMR) NB and WB Codecs for Voice Calls 152

3.5.4 Radio Resource Control (RRC) States 154

3.6 Core Network Mobility Management 159

3.7 Radio Network Mobility Management 160

3.7.1 Mobility Management in the Cellü]DCH State 160

3.7.2 Mobility Management in Idle State 168

3.7.3 Mobility Management in Other States 170

3.8 UMTS CS and PS Call Establishment 172

3.9 UMTS Security 175

3.10 Highü] Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and HSPA+ 177

3.10.1 HSDPA Channels 177

3.10.2 Shorter Delay Times and Hybrid ARQ