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With the current advances in technology innovation, the field of medicine and healthcare is rapidly expanding and, as a result, many different areas of human health diagnostics, treatment and care are emerging. Wireless technology is getting faster and 5G mobile

technology allows the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) to greatly improve patient care and more effectively prevent illness from developing. This book provides an overview and review of the current and anticipated changes in medicine and healthcare due to new technologies and faster communication between users and devices.

This groundbreaking book presents state-of-the-art chapters on many subjects including:

A review of the implications of VR and AR healthcare applications
A review of current augmenting dental care
An overview of typical human-computer interaction (HCI) that can help inform the development of user interface designs and novel ways to evaluate human behavior to responses in virtual reality (VR) and other new technologies
A review of telemedicine technologies
Building empathy in young children using augmented reality
AI technologies for mobile health of stroke monitoring & rehabilitation robotics control
Mobile doctor brain AI App
An artificial intelligence mobile cloud computing tool
Development of a robotic teaching aid for disabled children
Training system design of lower limb rehabilitation robot based on virtual reality



List of Figures xiii

List of Tables xv

Foreword xix

Preface xxiii

Acknowledgments xxix

Acronyms xxxi

Part I Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality Technologies and Applications for Health And Medicine

1 Reviews of the Implications of VR/AR Health Care Applications 3
Muhammad Sharif, Ghulam Jillani Ansari, Mussarat Yasmin, Steven Lawrence Fernandes

1.1 Introduction 4

1.2 Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality 5

1.2.1 Virtual Realty 5

1.2.2 Augmented Reality or Mixed Reality 6

1.2.3 Line of Difference between VR/AR 6

1.2.4 Formats and Design Elements of VR/AR Technology 7

1.2.5 Presence, Reality and Realism 8

1.3 Features of VR/AR Technology in Health Care 9

1.3.1 Implications of VR/AR Technology in Health Care Services and Applications 9

1.3.2 Health Care Services 9

1.3.3 Health Care Applications 11

1.4 Future Assessments in VR/AR Technology 14

1.5 Key Challenges for Adopting VR/AR Technology 14

1.6 Conclusion 15

References 15

2 Using 3D Simulation in Medical Education: A Comparative Test of Teaching Anatomy using VR 21
Chung Van Le, J.G. Tromp, Vikram Puri

2.1 Introduction 22

2.2 Literature Review of Training with Medical VR 23

2.3 Methodology of this Study 24

2.4 Results 26

2.5 Discussion 29

References 30

3 Building Empathy in Young Children using Augmented Reality: A Case Study in Malaysia 35
N.Zamin, F.A.Khairuddin, D.R.A.Rambli, E.N.M.Ibrahim, M.S.A.Soobni

3.1 Introduction 36

3.2 Motivations 36

3.3 Literature Review 36

3.4 Proposed Approach 38

3.5 Results and Discussions 38

3.6 Conclusions 41

References 41

4 Effectiveness of Virtual Reality Mock Interview Training 43
J. Garcia, J. Tromp, H. Seaton

4.1 Introduction 44

4.2 Virtual Reality Training Literature Review 44

4.3 Methodology 45

4.3.1 Participants 45

4.3.2 Materials 46

4.3.3 Procedure 47

4.4 Results 47

4.5 Disscussion 48

4.6 Conclusions 49

References 50

5 Augmenting Dental Care: A Current Perspective 52
Anand Nayyar, Gia Nhu Nguyen

5.1 Introduction 51

5.1.1 Origin of Augmented Reality 52

5.1.2 History of Augmented Reality 53

5.2 Augmented Reality Technology in Medical Technology 53

5.3 Existing Technologies in Medical/Healthcare Technology 55

5.4 Augmenting Dental Care-AR Technologies assisting Dentists for Dental Care 55

5.4.1 Augmented Reality Technologies in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 56

5.4.2 Augmented Reality Technologies in Dental Implant Surgery 58

5.4.3 Augmented Reality Technologies in Orthognathic Surgery 59

5.4.4 Augmented Reality Apps in Dental Applications 61

5.5 Augmented Reality in Dental Education 61

5.6 Augmented Reality based Education Technologies for Dentistry 62

5.6.1 DentSim 62

5.6.2 The Virtual Dental Patient: System for Virtual Teeth Drilling 63

5.6.3 Mobile AR Systems for Dental Morphology Learning 64

5.6.4 Periosim 64

5.7 Conclusion 65

References 65

6 Review of Virtual Reality Evaluation Methods and Psychophysiological Measurement Tools 69
M.A. Munoz, J.G. Tromp, Cai Zhushun

6.1 Science Can Help Inform Virtual Reality Development 70

6.1.1 Objectives of Evaluations 71

6.1.2 Test Often and Test Early 73

6.1.3 Testing Options in the Early Pre-Prototype Phase 77

6.2 Virtual Reality Can Help Inform Psychology and Science 78

6.3 Types of Psychophysiological Measures and Tools 79

6.3.1 Electrodermal Activity 79

6.3.2 Cardiovascular activity 79

6.3.3 Muscular Activity: Facial Expressions 80

6.3.4 Electrical brain activity: Electroencephalography 81

6.4 Outcome of the Evaluation 82

6.5 Conclusions 83

References 83

Part II Artificial Intelligence Technologies and Applications for Health and Medicine

7 AI Technologies for Mobile Health of Stroke Monitoring & Rehabilitation Robotics Control 89
B.M. Elbagoury, M.B.H.B. Shalhoub, M.I. Roushdy, Thomas Schrader

7.1 Introduction 90

7.2 Research Chapter Objectives 92

7.3 Literature Review 92

7.3.1 Pervasive Computing and Mobile Health Technologies 92

7.3.2 Rehabilitation Robotics for Stroke Patients 93

7.4 Description of the Research Telemedicine Platform 94

7.4.1 A State of the Art Telemedicine Robot Rehabilitation System 94

7.4.2 Wireless telemedicine module with robot 96

7.4.3 Wireless intelligence sensor network extract user's biofeedback signal 96

7.5 A proposed intelligent adaptive behavior control to rehabilitation robotics 96

7.6 Materials and Methods 98

7.7 Conclusion Summary: Artificial Intelligence Technologies 98

References 100

8 Artificial Intelligence for Smart Cancer Diagnosis 103
M.H.B. Shalhoub, Naif M. Hassan Bin Shalhoub, Bassant M. Elbagoury, Abdel-Badeeh M. Salem

8.1 Introduction 104

8.2 Background and Related work 105

8.2.1 De-noising methods 105

8.2.2 Image Segmentation Overview 106

8.3 Proposed System Architecture 107

8.4 Telemedicine System Modules 109

8.4.1 Image Compression 109

8.4.2 Image Enhancement and Region of Interest Segmentation 110

8.5 Results and discussion 113

8.6 Conclusion and Future Work 114

References 114

9 Mobile Doctor Brain AI App: Artificial Intelligence for IoT HealthCare 117
Bassant M.Elbagoury, Ahmed A.Bakr, Mohamed Roushdy,

9.4 Proposed Artificial Intelligence Techniques for New AI IoT Health-Care Solutions for Stroke Monitoring 122

9.4.1 Support vector machine (SVM) 122

9.4.2 Case-based Reasoning 125

9.4.3 Particle Swarm Intelligence and