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The definitive text/reference for students, researchers and practicing engineers

This book provides comprehensive coverage on refrigeration systems and applications, ranging from the fundamental principles of thermodynamics to food cooling applications for a wide range of sectoral utilizations. Energy and exergy analyses as well as performance assessments through energy and exergy efficiencies and energetic and exergetic coefficients of performance are explored, and numerous analysis techniques, models, correlations and procedures are introduced with examples and case studies. There are specific sections allocated to environmental impact assessment and sustainable development studies. Also featured are discussions of important recent developments in the field, including those stemming from the author's pioneering research.

Refrigeration is a uniquely positioned multi-disciplinary field encompassing mechanical, chemical, industrial and food engineering, as well as chemistry. Its wide-ranging applications mean that the industry plays a key role in national and international economies. And it continues to be an area of active research, much of it focusing on making the technology as environmentally friendly and sustainable as possible without compromising cost efficiency and effectiveness.

This substantially updated and revised edition of the classic text/reference now features two new chapters devoted to renewable-energy-based integrated refrigeration systems and environmental impact/sustainability assessment. All examples and chapter-end problems have been updated as have conversion factors and the thermophysical properties of an array of materials.

Provides a solid foundation in the fundamental principles and the practical applications of refrigeration technologies
Examines fundamental aspects of thermodynamics, refrigerants, as well as energy and exergy analyses and energy and exergy based performance assessment criteria and approaches
Introduces environmental impact assessment methods and sustainability evaluation of refrigeration systems and applications
Covers basic and advanced (and hence integrated) refrigeration cycles and systems, as well as a range of novel applications
Discusses crucial industrial, technical and operational problems, as well as new performance improvement techniques and tools for better design and analysis
Features clear explanations, numerous chapter-end problems and worked-out examples
Refrigeration Systems and Applications, Third Edition is an indispensable working resource for researchers and practitioners in the areas of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning. It is also an ideal textbook for graduate and senior undergraduate students in mechanical, chemical, biochemical, industrial and food engineering disciplines.



Table of Contents

Preface xvii

Acknowledgments xix

1 General Aspects of Thermodynamics 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Dimensions and Units 2

1.2.1 Systems of Units 2

1.3 Thermodynamics 9

1.4 Ideal and Real Gases 30

1.5 Refrigerators and Heat Pumps 36

1.6 Psychrometrics 49

1.7 Concluding Remarks 64

Nomenclature 64

Study Problems 67

References 70

2 Refrigerants 71

2.1 Introduction 71

2.2 Classification of Refrigerants 72

2.3 Prefixes and Decoding of Refrigerants 76

2.4 Secondary Refrigerants 79

2.5 Refrigerant-absorbent Combinations 80

2.6 Stratospheric Ozone Layer 82

2.7 Global Warming 89

2.8 Clean Air Act 94

2.9 Key Refrigerants 103

2.10 Selection of Refrigerants 115

2.11 Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants 116

2.12 Lubricating Oils and their Effects 120

2.13 Concluding Remarks 122

Study Problems 122

References 125

3 Refrigeration SystemComponents 127

3.1 Introduction 127

3.2 History of Refrigeration 128

3.3 Main Refrigeration Systems 130

3.4 Refrigeration System Components 131

3.5 Compressors 132

3.6 Condensers 156

3.7 Evaporators 165

3.8 Throttling Devices 172

3.9 Auxiliary Devices 177

3.10 Concluding Remarks 180

Nomenclature 180

Study Problems 182

References 187

4 Refrigeration Cycles and Systems 189

4.1 Introduction 189

4.2 Vapor-compression Refrigeration Systems 189

4.3 Energy Analysis of Vapor-compression Refrigeration Cycle 192

4.4 Exergy Analysis of Vapor-compression Refrigeration Cycle 195

4.5 Actual Vapor-compression Refrigeration Cycle 200

4.6 Air-standard Refrigeration Systems 210

4.7 Absorption Refrigeration Systems 216

4.8 Concluding Remarks 245

Nomenclature 245

Study Problems 247

References 258

5 Advanced Refrigeration Cycles and Systems 261

5.1 Introduction 261

5.2 Multistage Refrigeration Cycles 262

5.3 Cascade Refrigeration Systems 268

5.4 Multi-effect Absorption Refrigeration Systems 280

5.5 Steam-jet Refrigeration Systems 311

5.6 Adsorption Refrigeration 317

5.7 Stirling Cycle Refrigeration 322

5.8 Thermoelectric Refrigeration 328

5.9 Thermoacoustic Refrigeration 332

5.10 Metal Hydride Refrigeration 334

5.11 Magnetic Refrigeration 337

5.12 Supermarket Refrigeration Practices 345

5.13 Concluding Remarks 349

Nomenclature 349

Study Problems 351

References 354

6 Renewable Energy-based Integrated Refrigeration Systems 357

6.1 Introduction 357

6.2 Solar-powered Absorption Refrigeration Systems 358

6.3 Solar-powered Vapor-compression Refrigeration Systems 364

6.4 Wind-powered Vapor-compression Refrigeration Systems 368

6.5 Hydropowered Vapor-compression Refrigeration Systems 371

6.6 Geothermal-powered Vapor-compression Refrigeration Systems 375

6.7 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Powered Vapor-compression Refrigeration Systems 379

6.8 Biomass-powered Absorption Refrigeration Systems 383

6.9 Concluding Remarks 393

Nomenclature 394

Study Problems 395

Reference 398

7 Heat Pipes 399

7.1 Introduction 399

7.2 Heat Pipes 400

7.3 Heat Pipe Applications 403

7.4 Heat Pipes for Electronics Cooling 405

7.5 Types of Heat Pipes 407

7.6 Heat Pipe Components 408

7.7 Operational Principles of Heat Pipes 417

7.8 Heat Pipe Performance 421

7.9 Design and Manufacture of Heat Pipes 424

7.10 Heat-transfer Limitations 428

7.11 Heat Pipes in Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning 429

7.12 Concluding Remarks 436

Nomenclature 436

Study Problems 437

References 439

8 Food Refrigeration 441

8.1 Introduction 441

8.2 Food Deterioration 442

8.3 Food Preservation 443

8.4 Food Quality 444

8.5 Food Precooling and Cooling 446

8.6 Food Precooling Systems 448

8.7 Precooling of Milk 477

8.8 Food Freezing 479

8.9 Cool and Cold Storage 480

8.10 Controlled Atmosphere Storage 496

8.11 Refrigerated Transport 506

8.12 Respiration (Heat Generation) 515

8.13 Transpiration (Moisture Loss) 516

8.14 Cooling Process Parameters 522

8.15 Analysis of Cooling Process Parameters 524

8.16 Fouri