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Introductory Statistics is written for a one or two semester first course in applied statistics and is intended for students who do not have a strong background in mathematics. The only prerequisite is knowledge of elementary algebra. Introductory Statistics is known for its realistic examples and exercises, clarity and brevity of presentation, and soundness of pedagogical approach.



New to This Edition

A large number of the examples, case studies and exercises are new or revised, providing contemporary and varied ways for students to practice statistical concepts.
Factorials, combinations, and permutations have been moved from Chapter 5 to Section 4.3 of Chapter 4.
New chapter opening images and questions incorporate real data in familiar situations.
New data are integrated throughout, reinforcing the vibrancy of statistics and the relevance of statistics to student lives right now.
The Technology Instruction sections have been updated to support the use of the latest versions of the TI-84/84+, Minitab, and Excel.
Technology Assignments, Uses and Misuses sections and Decide for Yourself sections at the end of each chapter are either new or have been updated.
The data sets posted on the book companion Web site and WileyPLUS have also been updated.



Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1

1.1 Statistics and Types of Statistics 2

Case Study 1-1 How Much Did Companies Spend on Ads in 2011? 3

Case Study 1-2 How Women Rate Their Lives 4

1.2 Population Versus Sample 5

Case Study 1-3 Are We Becoming Less "Green?ö 7

1.3 Basic Terms 8

1.4 Types of Variables 10

1.5 Cross-Section Versus Time-Series Data 12

1.6 Sources of Data 14

1.7 Summation Notation 15

Uses and Misuses / Glossary / Supplementary Exercises / Self-Review Test / Mini-Project/ Decide for Yourself / Technology Instruction / Technology Assignments

CHAPTER 2 Organizing and Graphing Data 28

2.1 Organizing and Graphing Qualitative Data 29

Case Study 2-1 Will Today's Children Be Better Off Than Their Parents? 32

Case Study 2-2 Employees' Overall Financial Stress Levels 33

2.2 Organizing and Graphing Quantitative Data 36

Case Study 2-3 How Long Does Your Typical One-Way Commute Take? 42

Case Study 2-4 How Much Does It Cost to Insure a Car? 43

Case Study 2-5 How Many Cups of Coffee Do You Drink a Day? 46

2.3 Cumulative Frequency Distributions 54

2.4 Stem-and-Leaf Displays 57

2.5 Dotplots 62

Uses and Misuses / Glossary /Supplementary Exercises / Advanced Exercises / Self-Review Test / Mini-Projects / Decide for Yourself / Technology Instruction / Technology Assignments

CHAPTER 3 Numerical Descriptive Measures 85

3.1 Measures of Central Tendency for Ungrouped Data 86

Case Study 3-1 Average NFL Ticket Prices in the Secondary Market 89

Case Study 3-2 Average Is Over 90

Case Study 3-3 Education Pays 92

3.2 Measures of Dispersion for Ungrouped Data 99

3.3 Mean, Variance, and Standard Deviation for Grouped Data 106

3.4 Use of Standard Deviation 113

Case Study 3-4 Does Spread Mean the Same as Variability and Dispersion? 116

3.5 Measures of Position 118

3.6 Box-and-Whisker Plot 123

Uses and Misuses / Glossary / Supplementary Exercises / Advanced Exercises / Appendix 3.1 / Self-Review Test / Mini-Projects / Decide for Yourself / Technology Instruction / Technology Assignments

CHAPTER 4 Probability 146

4.1 Experiment, Outcome, and Sample Space 147

4.2 Calculating Probability 152

4.3 Marginal Probability, Conditional Probability, and Related Probability Concepts 158

Case Study 4-1 Do You Worry About Your Weight? 162

4.4 Intersection of Events and the Multiplication Rule 170

4.5 Union of Events and the Addition Rule 179

4.6 Counting Rule, Factorials, Combinations, and Permutations 187

Case Study 4-2 Probability of Winning a Mega Millions Lottery Jackpot 192

Uses and Misuses / Glossary / Supplementary Exercises / Advanced Exercises / Self-Review Test / Mini-Projects / Decide for Yourself / Technology Instruction / Technology Assignments

CHAPTER 5 Discrete Random Variables and Their Probability Distributions 209

5.1 Random Variables 210

5.2 Probability Distribution of a Discrete Random Variable 212

5.3 Mean and Standard Deviation of a Discrete Random Variable 219

Case Study 5-1 $1,000 Downpour 221

5.4 The Binomial Probability Distribution 226

5.5 The Hypergeometric Probability Distribution 239

5.6 The Poisson Probability Distribution 242

Case Study 5-2 Global Birth and Death Rates 246

Uses and Misuses / Glossary / Supplementary Exercises / Advanced Exercises / Self-Review Test / Mini-Projects / Decide for Yourself / Technology Instruction / Technology Assignments

CHAPTER 6 Continuous Random Variables and the Normal Distribution 264

6.1 Continuous Probability Distribution and the Normal Probability Distribution 265

Case Study 6-1 Distribution of Time Taken to Run a Road Race 269

6.2 Standardizing a Normal Distribution 281

6.3 Applications of the Normal Distribution 287

6.4 Determining the z and x Values When an Area Under the Normal Distribution Curve Is Known 292

6.5 The Normal Approximation to the Binomial Distribution 297

Uses and Misuses / Glossary / Supplementary Exercises / Advanced Exercises / Appendix 6.1 / Self-Review Test / Mini-Projects / Decide for Yourself / Technology Instruction / Technology Assignments

CHAPTER 7 Sampling Distributions 320

7.1 Sampling Distribution, Sampling Error, and Nonsampling Errors 321

7.2 Mean and Standard Deviation of x- 326

7.3 Shape of the Sampling Distribution of x- 330

7.4 Applications of the Sampling Distribution of x- 336

7.5 Population and Sample Proportions; and Mean, Standard Deviation, and Shape of the Sampling Distribution of ^p 341

7.6 Applications of the Sampling Distribution of ^p 348

Uses and Misuses / Glossary / Supplementary Exercises / Advanced Exercises / Self-Review Test / Mini-Projects / Decide for Yourself / Technology Instruction / Technology Assignments

CHAPTER 8 Estimation of the Mean and Proportion 360

8.1 Estimation, Point Estimate, and Interval Estimate 361

8.2 Estimation of a Population Mean: Known 364

Case Study 8-1 How Much Did Registered Nurses Earn in 2011? 370

8.3 Estimation of a Population Mean: Not Known 374

8.4 Estimation of a Population Proportion: Large Samples 383

Case Study 8-2 Do You Bring Your Lunch From Home? 386

Uses and Misuses / Glossary / Supplementary Exercises / Advanced Exercises / Self-Review Test / Mini-Projects / Decide for Yourself / Technology Instruction / Technology Assignments

CHAPTER 9 Hypothesis Tests About the Mean and Proportion 404

9.1 Hypothesis Tests: An Introduction 405

9.2 Hypothesis Tests About: Known 413

Case Study 9-1 Average Student Debt for the Class of 2010 422

9.3 Hypothesis Tests About: Not Known 427

9.4 Hypothesis Tests About a Population Proport