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Distributed systems are a continuously expanding area of computer science and computer engineering. This book addresses the need for literature on modeling and simulation techniques for distributed systems. For simulation modeling of distributed systems in the book, a specific class of extended Petri nets is used that allows to easily represent the fundamental processes of any distributed system. The book is intended, first of all, as a text for related graduate-level university courses on distributed systems in computer science and computer engineering. Other computer science and computer engineering courses would also find the book useful as a source of practical information for a broad community of those graduate students who are busy with simulation in their study and research. The book can be useful also to academics who give related graduate courses or deliver research-oriented modules for graduate students. Further, the book can be helpful to system architects and developers who apply modeling and simulation techniques as a step in the design and implementation of their systems. Containing a large number of models, with commented source texts and simulation results, it can also serve as valuable reference book for researchers who want to develop their own models in terms of Petri nets.



Table of Contents:
Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Part I. Basics of Distributed Systems -- 1. Basic Concepts and Features of Distributed Systems -- 1.1. Computer Processes and Threads -- 1.2. Definition of a Distributed System -- 1.3. Scalability of Distributed Systems -- 1.4. Synchronous and Asynchronous Distributed Systems -- 1.5. Failures in Distributed Systems -- 1.5.1. Crash or Halting Failures -- 1.5.2. Fail-Stop Failures -- 1.5.3. Send-Omission Failure -- 1.5.4. Receive-Omission Failure -- 1.5.5. Network Loss Failures -- 1.5.6. Network Partition Failures -- 1.5.7. Timing Failures -- 1.5.8. Byzantine Failures -- 2. Communication Patterns and Paradigms in Distributed Systems -- 2.1. Mechanisms of Interprocess Communication (IPC) -- 2.2. Basic Modes and Paradigms of IPC -- 2.2.1. One-to-One (Point-to-Point) Communication -- 2.2.2. One-to-Many Communication -- 2.2.3. Anycast Communication Form -- 2.2.4. Remote Procedure Call -- 2.3. Models and Schemes of Multicast Communication in Distributed Systems -- 2.4. Representation of Distributed Algorithms and Protocols -- 2.5. Measuring Time and Setting Time-Outs in Program Implementations of Distributed Systems -- Part II. Petri Nets for Modeling and Simulation -- 3. Petri Nets for the Description, Modeling, and Investigation of Distributed Systems -- 3.1. Theoretical Frameworks for the Description, Modeling, and Investigation of Distributed Systems -- 3.2. Formal Definition and Dynamics of Petri Nets -- 3.3. Analysis of Properties of Petri Nets -- 3.4. Petri-Net Models of Components of Distributed Systems -- 3.5. Extended Petri Nets for Simulation -- 4. A Class of Extended Petri Nets for System Simulation -- 4.1. General Description of a Class of Extended Petri Nets -- 4.2. Elementary Nets of Type T -- 4.3. Elementary Nets of Type Y -- 4.4. Elementary Nets of Type X -- 4.5. Elementary Nets of Type G -- 4.6. Elementary Nets of Type I -- 4.7. Functional Completeness of Types of Elementary Nets -- 4.8. Structural Transformation of Elementary Nets to General Petri Nets -- 5. Languages to Describe and Control Models -- 5.1. General Characteristics of the Model Description Language (MDL) -- 5.2. Statements for the Description of Elementary Nets -- 5.3. Referencing Transitions, Places, Tokens, and Standard Numerical Attributes (SNA) -- 5.4. Using a Pascal Section in Segments -- 5.5. Organizing a Multi-Segment Model -- 5.6. The Imbedded Functions -- 5.7. The Modeling Control Language -- Part III. Models of Networked and Distributed Systems -- 6. Models of Simple Information Systems and Their Components -- 6.1. Generators and Absorbers -- 6.2. Models of Accessing and Using of Resources -- 6.3. Models of Scheduling Disciplines for Servicing of Requests -- 6.4. Models of Queuing Systems -- 6.5. Modeling of Interrupted Activities -- 6.6. Modeling a Multiprocessor System with a Common Bus -- 6.7. A Multi-Terminal Computing System -- 7. Models of Communication Protocols and Local Area Networks -- 7.1. Alternating Bit Protocol (ABP) -- 7.2. Analytical and Simulation Modeling of Ethernet LAN -- 7.3. Transmission Model of a Taken Ring LAN -- 7.4. Generic Model of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks -- 7.5. Modeling a Load-Balancing Protocol for Distributed Multiserver Queuing Systems -- 8. Protocol for Distributed Mutual Exclusion -- 8.1. Introduction to Distributed Mutual Exclusion -- 8.2. The System Model -- 8.3. Description of the Protocol -- 8.4. Time-Outs and Delays Used by the Protocol -- 8.5. Simulation Model of the Protocol -- 8.6. Modifications and Extensions of the Protocol -- 8.7. Comparison of the Protocol with Some Known Algorithms of Distributed Mutual Exclusion -- 9. Multicast-Based Anycast Protocol -- 9.1. Approaches to Implementation of Anycast Communication in Distributed Systems -- 9.2. System Architecture -- 9.3. The Distributed Inter-Server Protocol to Provide Anycasting -- 9.4. Handling of Server Crashes -- 9.5. Simulation Performance Study of the Protocol -- 10. A Protocol of Distributed Leader Election -- 10.1. Leader Election in Distributed Systems -- 10.2. Assumed System Model of Distributed Leader Election -- 10.3. Description of the Distributed Leader Election Protocol -- 10.4. Choice of Time-Outs and Estimation of Message Complexity of the Protocol -- 10.5. Simulation Model of the Protocol and Its Performance Study -- 11. Modeling and Simulation of a Logistic System -- 11.1. Concepts and Notions of Logistic Systems -- 11.2. A Logistic System as a Distributed System of Material and Information Processes -- 11.3. A Generic Model of the Logistic System of a Manufacturing Firm -- 11.4. The Structure and Basic Building Blocks of the Model -- 11.5. Simulation Setup and Experiments with the Model of the Logistic System -- Appendix A. The Simulation System Winsim -- A.1. The Structure, Functional Scheme, and Operation of the Simulation System Winsim -- A.2. Main Data Structures of a Segment and of a Multi-Segment Model -- A.3. The Creative Subsystem of Winsim and its MDL Compiler -- A.4. The Executive Subsystem of Winsim -- A.5. Methodology of Modeling and Simulation with the Extended Petri Nets in Winsim -- Bibliography -- Index.