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A comprehensive resource to the latest developments of system enhancement techniques of Femtocells, power management, interference mitigation and antenna design

LTE Communications and Networks fills a gap in the literature to offer a comprehensive review of the most current developments of LTE Femtocells and antennas and explores their future growth. With contributions from a group of experts that represent the fields of wireless communications and mobile communications, signal processing and antenna design, this text identifies technical challenges and presents recent results related to the development, integration and enhancement of LTE systems in portable devices.

The authors examine topics such as application of cognitive radio with efficient sensing mechanisms, interference mitigation and power management schemes for the LTE systems. They also provide a comprehensive account of design challenges and approaches, performance enhancement techniques and effects of user's presence on the LTE antennas. LTE Communications and Networks also highlights the promising technologies of multiband, multimode and reconfigurable antennas for efficient design of portable LTE devices. Designed to be a practical resource, this text:

Explores the interference mitigation, power control and spectrum management in LTE Femtocells and related issues
Contains information on the design challenges, different approaches, performance enhancement and application case scenarios for the LTE antennas
Covers the most recent developments of system enhancement techniques in terms of Femtocells, power management, interference mitigation and antenna design
Includes contributions from leading experts in the field
Written for industry professionals and researchers, LTE Communications and Networks is a groundbreaking book that presents a comprehensive treatment to the LTE systems in the context of Femtocells and antenna design and covers the wide range of issues related to the topic.



List of Contributors xv

Preface xvi

1 Introduction 1
Ghazanfar Ali Safdar and Masood Ur Rehman

1.1 Evolution of Wireless and Cellular Communication 2

1.1.1 1 G 3

1.1.2 2 G 3

1.1.3 2.5 G 3

1.1.4 2.75 G 4

1.1.5 3 G 4

1.1.6 3.5 G 4

1.1.7 4 G/LTE 5

1.2 LTE Architecture 5

1.2.1 Communications Perspective Challenges in LTE Networks 8

1.2.1.1 Signalling System 8

1.2.1.2 Backward Compatibility 9

1.2.1.3 BS Efficiency 9

1.2.2 LTE Radio Frame 10

1.3 LTE Antennas 11

1.4 LTE Applications 11

1.4.1 Communications 11

1.4.2 Public Safety 12

1.4.3 Deviceü]toü]Device Communications 12

1.4.4 Video Streaming 12

1.4.5 Voice over LTE (VoLTE) 12

1.4.6 Internet of Things 13

1.4.7 Wearable Systems 13

1.4.8 Cloud Computing 13

1.5 Book Organization 14

References 16

Part I LTE Femtocells 19

2 LTE Femtocells 21
Ghazanfar Ali Safdar

2.1 Introduction 21

2.1.1 Crossü]Tier Interference 22

2.1.2 Coü]Tier Interference 24

2.1.3 Downlink Interference Modelling 24

2.1.4 Uplink Interference Modelling 25

2.2 Platform for Femtocell Deployment 26

2.3 LTE Architecture Overview 26

2.3.1 LTE Downlink Transmission 27

2.3.2 LTE Uplink Transmission 27

2.4 LTE Femtocell Interference Analysis 28

2.4.1 Scenario 1: Crossü]Tier Interference Analysis 28

2.4.2 Scenario 2: Effects of Femtocell Access Mode Deployment 28

2.4.3 Scenario 3: Coü]Tier Interference Analysis 29

2.4.4 Scenario 4: Effects of Varying FAP Transmit Power Levels on MUEs 29

2.5 Interference Mitigation: Current State of the Art 31

2.5.1 Spectrum Access/Frequency Assignment 31

2.5.2 Power Control 32

2.5.3 Antenna Schemes 33

2.6 Cognitive Femtocells: A Smart Solution to a Complex Problem 33

2.7 Summary 35

References 36

3 Interference Mitigation in Cognitive Radioü]Based LTE Femtocells 38
Ghazanfar Ali Safdar

3.1 Introduction 39

3.2 Femtocells 41

3.2.1 Femtocells - Interference versus Deployment 43

3.2.2 Femtocells - Typical Interference Mitigation Techniques 46

3.2.2.1 Spectrum Access/Frequency Assignment Schemes 46

3.2.2.2 Power Control (PC) Schemes 46

3.2.2.3 Antenna Schemes 48

3.3 Interference Mitigation in Femtocells using Cognitive Radio 49

3.3.1 Cognitive Interference Mitigation 51

3.3.1.1 Cognitive Interference Mitigation - PC 52

3.3.1.2 Cognitive Interference Mitigation - Spectrum Access 54

3.3.1.3 Cognitive Interference Mitigation - Antenna Schemes 64

3.3.1.4 Cognitive Interference Mitigation - Joint Schemes 66

3.3.2 Cognitive Interference Mitigation versus Conventional Interference Mitigation 70

3.4 Summary 74

References 75

4 Coverage Areaü]Based Power Control for Interference Management in LTE Femtocells 84
Ghazanfar Ali Safdar

4.1 Introduction 85

4.2 Coverage Radius Based Power Control Scheme (PS) 88

4.2.1 Radius Limit Setting 89

4.2.2 Initial Coverage Radius 89

4.2.3 Selfü]Update 89

4.2.4 Final Radius 89

4.3 System Model 90

4.4 Performance Analysis 92

4.4.1 Results and Discussion 93

4.4.1.1 SINR Crossü]Tier (Single Cell) 93

4.4.1.2 SINR Coü]Tier (Single Cell) 94

4.4.1.3 Downlink Throughput (Single Cell) 95

4.4.1.4 Coü] and Crossü]Tier SINR (Single Cell versus Multicell) 96

4.4.1.5 Droppage in SINR (Single Cell versus Multicell) 97

4.4.1.6 Coverage Area Bounds and Impact on SINR (Single Cell versus Multicell) 99

4.5 Summary 100

References 101

5 Energy Management in LTE Femtocells 104
Kapil Kanwal, Ghazanfar Ali Safdar, Masood Ur Rehman and Xiaodong Yang

5.1 Introduction 105

5.2 Architecture of LTE Networks 105

5.2.1 Communications Perspective Challenges in LTE Networks 106

5.2.1.1 Signalling System 106

5.2.1.2 Backward Compatibility 107

5.2.1.3 BS Efficiency 107

5.2.2 Importance of Energy Management in LTE Networks 108

5.3 Classification of ES Schemes 108

5.3.1 Static Power Consumption 109

5.3.2 Dynamic Power Consumption 109

5.4 Energy Efficient Resource Allocation 113

5.4.1 Hybrid FBS and MBS Based Schemes 113

5.4.2 Link Adaptation Schemes 114

5.4.3 Cross Layer Resource Allocation Schemes 115

5.4.4 MBSFN Resource Allocation Scheme 115

5.5 Bandwidth Expansion Schemes 117

5.5.1 CoMP Based Coverage Expansion 117

5.5.2 Time Compression (TCoM) Scheme 118

5.5.3 Bandwidth Expansion Mode (BEM) Scheme 119

5.5.4 Component Carrier Based Schemes 121

5.5.5 Scheduling Based Schemes 122

5.6 Load Balancing Schemes 123

5.6.1 Distance Aware Schemes 123

5.6.2 Coverage Expansion Based Schemes 125

5.6.3 Distributed Schemes 125

5.6.4 Shared Relay Based Schemes 127

5.6.5 CRN Adopted Switching Off of a BS 128

5.6.6 Reduced Early Handover (REHO) Scheme 129

5.7 Comparative Analysis 130

5.8 Open Research Issues 135

5.9 Summary 139

References 140

6 Spectrum Sensing Mechanisms in Cognitive Radio Based LTE Femtocells 150
Tazeen S. Syed and Ghazanfar A