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Hack your antivirus software to stamp out future vulnerabilities
The Antivirus Hacker´s Handbook guides you through the process of reverse engineering antivirus software. You explore how to detect and exploit vulnerabilities that can be leveraged to improve future software design, protect your network, and anticipate attacks that may sneak through your antivirus´ line of defense. You´ll begin building your knowledge by diving into the reverse engineering process, which details how to start from a finished antivirus software program and work your way back through its development using the functions and other key elements of the software. Next, you leverage your new knowledge about software development to evade, attack, and exploit antivirus software-all of which can help you strengthen your network and protect your data.
While not all viruses are damaging, understanding how to better protect your computer against them can help you maintain the integrity of your network.
Discover how to reverse engineer your antivirus software
Explore methods of antivirus software evasion
Consider different ways to attack and exploit antivirus software
Understand the current state of the antivirus software market, and get recommendations for users and vendors who are leveraging this software
The Antivirus Hacker´s Handbook is the essential reference for software reverse engineers, penetration testers, security researchers, exploit writers, antivirus vendors, and software engineers who want to understand how to leverage current antivirus software to improve future applications.
Table of Contents
Introduction xix
Part I Antivirus Basics 1
Chapter 1 Introduction to Antivirus Software 3
What Is Antivirus Software? 3
Antivirus Software: Past and Present 4
Antivirus Scanners, Kernels, and Products 5
Typical Misconceptions about Antivirus Software 6
Antivirus Features 7
Basic Features 7
Making Use of Native Languages 7
Scanners 8
Signatures 8
Compressors and Archives 9
Unpackers 10
Emulators 10
Miscellaneous File Formats 11
Advanced Features 11
Packet Filters and Firewalls 11
Self-Protection 12
Anti-Exploiting 12
Summary 13
Chapter 2 Reverse-Engineering the Core 15
Reverse-Engineering Tools 15
Command-Line Tools versus GUI Tools 16
Debugging Symbols 17
Tricks for Retrieving Debugging Symbols 17
Debugging Tricks 20
Backdoors and Configuration Settings 21
Kernel Debugging 23
Debugging User-Mode Processes with a Kernel-Mode Debugger 25
Analyzing AV Software with Command-Line Tools 27
Porting the Core 28
A Practical Example: Writing Basic Python Bindings for Avast for Linux 29
A Brief Look at Avast for Linux 29
Writing Simple Python Bindings for Avast for Linux 32
The Final Version of the Python Bindings 37
A Practical Example: Writing Native C/C++ Tools for Comodo Antivirus for Linux 37
Other Components Loaded by the Kernel 55
Summary 56
Chapter 3 The Plug-ins System 57
Understanding How Plug-ins Are Loaded 58
A Full-Featured Linker in Antivirus Software 58
Understanding Dynamic Loading 59
Advantages and Disadvantages of the Approaches for Packaging Plug-ins 60
Types of Plug-ins 62
Scanners and Generic Routines 63
File Format and Protocol Support 64
Heuristics 65
Bayesian Networks 66
Bloom Filters 67
Weights-Based Heuristics 68
Some Advanced Plug-ins 69
Memory Scanners 69
Non-native Code 70
Scripting Languages 72
Emulators 73
Summary 74
Chapter 4 Understanding Antivirus Signatures 77
Typical Signatures 77
Byte-Streams 78
Checksums 78
Custom Checksums 79
Cryptographic Hashes 80
Advanced Signatures 80
Fuzzy Hashing 81
Graph-Based Hashes for Executable Files 83
Summary 85
Chapter 5 The Update System 87
Understanding the Update Protocols 88
Support for SSL/TLS 89
Verifying the Update Files 91
Dissecting an Update Protocol 92
When Protection Is Done Wrong 100
Summary 101
Part II Antivirus Software Evasion 103
Chapter 6 Antivirus Software Evasion 105
Who Uses Antivirus Evasion Techniques? 106
Discovering Where and How Malware Is Detected 107
Old Tricks for Determining Where Malware Is Detected: Divide and Conquer 107
Evading a Simple Signature-Based Detection with the Divide and Conquer Trick 108
Binary Instrumentation and Taint Analysis 113
Summary 114
Chapter 7 Evading Signatures 117
File Formats: Corner Cases and Undocumented Cases 118
Evading a Real Signature 118
Evasion Tips and Tricks for Specific File Formats 124
PE Files 124
JavaScript 126
String Encoding 127
Executing Code on the Fly 128
Hiding the Logic: Opaque Predicates and Junk Code 128
PDF 129
Summary 131
Chapter 8 Evading Scanners 133
Generic Evasion Tips and Tricks 133
Fingerprinting Emulators 134
Advanced Evasion Tricks 136
Taking Advantage of File Format Weaknesses 136
Using Anti-emulation Techniques 137
Using Anti-disassembling Techniques 142
Disrupting Code Analyzers through Anti-analysis 144
More Anti-Anti-Anti. 147
Causing File Format Confusion 148
Automating Evasion of Scanners 148
Initial Steps 149
Installing ClamAV 150
Installing Avast 150
Installing AVG 151
Installing F-Prot 152
Installing Comodo 153
Installing Zoner Antivirus 154
MultiAV Configuration 154
peCloak 158
Writing the Final Tool 160
Summary 162
Chapter 9 Evading Heuristic Engines 165
Heuristic Engine Types 165
Static Heuristic Engines 166
Bypassing a Simplistic Static Heuristic Engine 166
Dynamic Heuristic Engines 173
Userland Hooks 173
Bypassing a Userland HIPS 176
Kernel-Land Hooks 178
Summary 180
Chapter 10 Identifying the Attack Surface 183
Understanding the Local Attack Surface 185
Finding Weaknesses in File and Directory Privileges 185
Escalation of Privileges 186
Incorrect Privileges in Files and Folders 186
Incorrect Access Control Lists 187
Kernel-Level Vulnerabilities 187
Exotic Bugs 188
Exploiting SUID and SGID Binaries on Unix-Based Platforms 189
ASLR and DEP Status for Programs and Binaries 190
Exploiting Incorrect Privileges on Windows Objects 193
Exploiting Logical Flaws 196
Understanding the Remote Attack Surface 197
File Parsers 198
Generic Detection and File Disinfection Code 199
Network Services, Administration Panels, and Consoles 199
Firewalls, Intrusion Detection Systems, and Their Parsers 200
Update Services 201
Browser Plug-ins 201
Security Enhanced Software 202
Summary 203
Chapter 11 Denial of Service 207
Local Denial-of-Service Attacks 208
Compression Bombs 208
Creating a Simple Compression Bomb 209
Bugs in File Format Parsers 212
Attacks against Kernel Drivers 213
Remote Denial-of-Service Attacks 214
Compression Bombs 214
Bugs in File Format Parsers 215
Summary 215