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This fourth edition of Fiber Optic Sensors is revised and updated to include the new sensing technologies emerging in broad commercial use, with a focus on scattering-based distributed sensing systems. In addition, a chapter was added to describe biophotonic sensing systems and their applications.

This book covers a broad range of point sensors and distributed sensor technologies and their applications in a multiplicity of markets including energy, biomedical, smart structures, security, military, and process control. It illustrates how this portfolio of technologies has addressed many sensing problems that are difficult for conventional approaches and often require survival in extremely harsh conditions.

With the addition of two authors who bring 75 years of combined experience in fiber optic sensor technology, this edition is a significant update and an excellent resource for any engineer who has an interest in advanced sensing systems



TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction
1 Fiber Optic Fundamentals
1.1 Refraction and Total Internal Reflection
1.2 Meridional Rays
1.3 Skew Rays
1.4 Bent Fibers
1.5 Mechanisms of Attenuation
1.6 Waveguide Propagation
1.7 Evanescent Wave
1.8 Cross Coupling
1.9 Scattering
1.10 Mode Patterns
1.11 Fiber Types
1.12 Polarization-Maintaining Fibers
2 Fiber Optic Sensor Fundamentals
2.1 Background
2.2 Sensor Categories
2.3 Distributed Fiber Optic Systems
3 Intensity-Modulated Sensor
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Transmissive Concept
3.3 Reflective Concept
3.4 Microbending Concept
3.5 Intrinsic Concept
3.6 Transmission and Reflection with Other Optical Effects
3.7 Speckle Pattern
3.8 Sources of Error and Compensation Schemes
4 Phase-Modulated Sensors
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Interferometers
4.2.1 Mach-Zehnder
4.2.2 Michelson
4.2.3 Fabry-Perot
4.2.4 Sagnac
4.3 Phase Detection
4.4 Detection Schemes
4.5 Practical Considerations
5 Wavelength-Modulated Sensors
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Bragg Grating Concept
5.3 Bragg Grating Sensors
5.4 Distributed Sensing
5.5 Wavelength Detection Schemes
5.7 Harsh Environments
6 Scattering-Based Sensors
6.1 Absorption and Transmission Loss in Optical Fibers
6.2 Optical Time-Domain Reflectometry (OTDR)
6.3 Light-Scattering Mechanisms
6.3.1 Elastic versus inelastic scattering
6.3.2 Stokes and anti-Stokes scattering components
6.3.3 Scattering emission spectrum
6.4 Rayleigh Scattering
6.5 Raman Scattering
6.6 Brillouin Scattering
6.6.1 Stimulated Brillouin scattering
6.7 Distributed Fiber Sensing and Scattering Effects
7 Polarization Based Sensors
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Analysis of Birefringent Optical Systems
7.3 Birefringent Effects in Bragg Gratings
8 Digital Switches and Counters
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Scan Modes
8.3 Excess Gain
8.4 Contrast
8.5 Beam Diameter
8.6 Electro-Optic Interface
8.7 Applications
9 Displacement Sensors
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Reflective Technology
9.3 Microbending Technology
9.4 Modulating Technology
9.5 Fabry-Perot Technology
9.6 Bragg Grating Technologies
9.7 Applications
10 Strain Sensors
10.1 Strain Sensors
10.2 Interferometric Strain Sensors
10.3 Applications
11 Temperature Sensors
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Reflectance and Absorbance Sensors
11.3 Fluorescence Sensors
11.4 Microbending Sensors
11.5 Black-body Radiation
11.7 Interferometric Sensors
11.8 Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors
11.9 Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS)
11.10 Applications
12 Pressure Sensors
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Conventional and Specialized
12.3 FBG-based Optical Sensors
12.4 Fabry-Perot-based Optical Sensors
12.5 Packaging
12.6 Field Installation
13 Flow Sensors
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Turbine Flowmeters
13.3 Cantilevered-Beam Flow Sensors
13.4 Differential-Pressure Flow Sensor
13.5 Vortex-Shedding Flow Sensor
13.6 Laser Doppler Velocity Sensors
13.7 Indirect Flow Monitoring
13.8 Applications
14 Magnetic and Electric Field Sensors
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Magnetic Field
14.2.1 Faraday Rotation-based Sensors
14.2.2 Phase modulation
14.3 Electric Field
14.3.1 Polarization Modulation
14.3.2 Phase modulation
15 Chemical Analysis
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Fluorescence
15.3 Absorption
15.4 Scattering
15.5 Refractive Index Change
15.6 Color Changes
15.7 Interferometry
15.8 Distributed Fiber Optic Chemical Sensors
15.9 Fiber-Optics-Enabled Spectroscopy
15.10 Applications
16 Biophotonic Sensors
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Intrinsic Biophotonic Sensors
16.2.1 Intrinsic biophotonic sensors: evanescent wave interaction
16.2.2 Intrinsic biophotonic sensors: using photonic crystal fibers
16.2.3 Intrinsic biophotonic sensors: fluorescent microsphere array sensors
16.2.4 Intrinsic biophotonic sensors: distributed sensor concepts
16.2.5 Intrinsic biophotonic sensors: surface plasmon resonance
16.3 Extrinsic Biophotonic Sensors
17 Rotation Rate Sensors
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Sensor Mechanism
17.3 Reciprocity
17.4 Noise Limitations
17.5 Resonators
17.6 Comparison of Resonator (RFOG) and Interferometer (IFOG) Gyroscopes
18 Distributed Sensing Systems
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Applications
18.3 Distributed Temperature Sensing Applications in the Oil and Gas Industry
19 Market Opportunities
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Barriers to Market Growth
19.3 Summary and Conclusions
Index