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Updated with color and gray scale illustrations, a companion website housing supplementary material, and new sections covering recent developments in antenna analysis and design

This book introduces the fundamental principles of antenna theory and explains how to apply them to the analysis, design, and measurements of antennas. Due to the variety of methods of analysis and design, and the different antenna structures available, the applications covered in this book are made to some of the most basic and practical antenna configurations. Among these antenna configurations are linear dipoles; loops; arrays; broadband antennas; aperture antennas; horns; microstrip antennas; and reflector antennas. The text contains sufficient mathematical detail to enable undergraduate and beginning graduate students in electrical engineering and physics to follow the flow of analysis and design. Readers should have a basic knowledge of undergraduate electromagnetic theory, including Maxwell's equations and the wave equation, introductory physics, and differential and integral calculus.


Presents new sections on flexible and conformal bowtie, Vivaldi antenna, antenna miniaturization, antennas for mobile communications, dielectric resonator antennas, and scale modeling
Provides color and gray scale figures and illustrations to better depict antenna radiation characteristics
Includes access to a companion website housing MATLAB programs, Java-based applets and animations, Power Point notes, Java-based interactive questionnaires and a solutions manual for instructors
Introduces over 100 additional end-of-chapter problems

Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, Fourth Edition is designed to meet the needs of senior undergraduate and beginning graduate level students in electrical engineering and physics, as well as practicing engineers and antenna designers.

Constantine A. Balanis received his BSEE degree from the Virginia Tech in 1964, his MEE degree from the University of Virginia in 1966, his PhD in Electrical Engineering from The Ohio State University in 1969, and an Honorary Doctorate from the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki in 2004. From 1964 to 1970, he was with the NASA Langley Research Center in Hampton, VA, and from 1970 to 1983, he was with the Department of Electrical Engineering of West Virginia University. In 1983 he joined Arizona State University and is now Regents´ Professor of Electrical Engineering. Dr. Balanis is also a life fellow of the IEEE.



Table of Contents

Preface xiii
About the Companion Website xix

1 Antennas 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Types of Antennas 3

1.3 Radiation Mechanism 7

1.4 Current Distribution on a Thin Wire Antenna 15

1.5 Historical Advancement 18

1.6 Multimedia 21

References 22

2 Fundamental Parameters and Figures-of-Merit of Antennas 25

2.1 Introduction 25

2.2 Radiation Pattern 25

2.3 Radiation Power Density 35

2.4 Radiation Intensity 37

2.5 Beamwidth 40

2.6 Directivity 41

2.7 Numerical Techniques 55

2.8 Antenna Efficiency 60

2.9 Gain, Realized Gain 61

2.10 Beam Efficiency 65

2.11 Bandwidth 65

2.12 Polarization 66

2.13 Input Impedance 75

2.14 Antenna Radiation Efficiency 79

2.15 Antenna Vector Effective Length and Equivalent Areas 81

2.16 Maximum Directivity and Maximum Effective Area 86

2.17 Friis Transmission Equation and Radar Range Equation 88

2.18 Antenna Temperature 96

2.19 Multimedia 100

References 103

Problems 105

3 Radiation Integrals and Auxiliary Potential Functions 127

3.1 Introduction 127

3.2 The Vector Potential A for an Electric Current Source J 128

3.3 The Vector Potential F for A Magnetic Current Source M 130

3.4 Electric and Magnetic Fields for Electric (J) and Magnetic (M) Current Sources 131

3.5 Solution of the Inhomogeneous Vector Potential Wave Equation 132

3.6 Far-Field Radiation 136

3.7 Duality Theorem 137

3.8 Reciprocity and Reaction Theorems 138

References 143

Problems 143

4 Linear Wire Antennas 145

4.1 Introduction 145

4.2 Infinitesimal Dipole 145

4.3 Small Dipole 155

4.4 Region Separation 158

4.5 Finite Length Dipole 164

4.6 Half-Wavelength Dipole 176

4.7 Linear Elements Near or On Infinite Perfect Electric Conductors (PEC), Perfect Magnetic Conductors (PMC) and Electromagnetic Band-Gap (EBG) Surfaces 179

4.8 Ground Effects 203

4.9 Computer Codes 216

4.10 Multimedia 216

References 218

Problems 220

5 Loop Antennas 235

5.1 Introduction 235

5.2 Small Circular Loop 236

5.3 Circular Loop of Constant Current 250

5.4 Circular Loop with Nonuniform Current 259

5.5 Ground and Earth Curvature Effects for Circular Loops 268

5.6 Polygonal Loop Antennas 269

5.7 Ferrite Loop 270

5.8 Mobile Communication Systems Applications 272

5.9 Multimedia 272

References 275

Problems 277

6 Arrays: Linear, Planar, and Circular 285

6.1 Introduction 285

6.2 Two-Element Array 286

6.3 N-Element Linear Array: Uniform Amplitude and Spacing 293

6.4 N-Element Linear Array: Directivity 312

6.5 Design Procedure 318

6.6 N-Element Linear Array: Three-Dimensional Characteristics 319

6.7 Rectangular-to-Polar Graphical Solution 322

6.8 N-Element Linear Array: Uniform Spacing, Nonuniform Amplitude 323

6.9 Superdirectivity 345

6.10 Planar Array 348

6.11 Design Considerations 360

6.12 Circular Array 363

6.13 Multimedia 367

References 367

Problems 368

7 Antenna Synthesis and Continuous Sources 385

7.1 Introduction 385

7.2 Continuous Sources 386

7.3 Schelkunoff Polynomial Method 387

7.4 Fourier Transform Method 392

7.5 Woodward-Lawson Method 398

7.6 Taylor Line-Source (Tschebyscheff-Error) 404

7.7 Taylor Line-Source (One-Parameter) 408

7.8 Triangular, Cosine, and Cosine-Squared Amplitude Distributions 415

7.9 Line-Source Phase Distributions 416

7.10 Continuous Aperture Sources 417

7.11 Multimedia 420

References 420

Problems 421

8 Integral Equations, Moment Method, and Self and Mutual Impedances 431

8.1 Introduction 431

8.2 Integral Equation Method 432

8.3 Finite Diameter Wires 439

8.4 Moment Method Solution 448

8.5 Self-Impedance 455

8.6 Mutual Impedance Between Linear Elements 463

8.7 Mutual Coupling in Arrays 474

8.8 Multimedia 480

References 480

Problems 482

9 Broadband Dipoles and Matching Techniques 485

9.1 Introduction 485

9.2 Biconical Antenna 487

9.3 Triangular Sheet, Flexible and Conformal Bow-Tie, and Wire Simulation 492

9.4 Vivaldi Antenna 496

9.5 Cylindrical Dipole 500

9.6 Folded Dipole 505

9.7 Discone and Conical Skirt Monopole 512

9.8 Matching Techniques 513

9.9 Multimedia 523

References 524

Problems 525

10 Traveling Wave and Broadband Antennas 533

10.1 Introduction 533

10.2 Traveling Wave Antennas 533

10.3 Broadband Antennas 549

10.4 Multimedia 580

References 58