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Now in its eighth edition, Fundamentals of Thermodynamics continues to offer a comprehensive and rigorous treatment of classical thermodynamics, while retaining an engineering perspective. With concise, applications-oriented discussion of topics and self-test problems the text encourages students to monitor their own comprehension. The eighth edition is updated with additional examples and end-of-chapter problems to increase student understanding. In addition, front-end Learning Objectives have been added.

The text lays the groundwork for subsequent studies in fields such as fluid mechanics, heat transfer and statistical thermodynamics, and prepares students to effectively apply thermodynamics in the practice of engineering.



New to This Edition

Chapters 1-5 have been re-organized to streamline the introductory material and to further emphasize key concepts and topics
Learning Objectives have been added to the beginning of each chapter, helping the student to focus on the key topics and skills covered in the chapter
Approximately 25% of the end-of-chapter problems are new and/or revised
Up-to-date examples and applications have been integrated throughout the text
New online resources for students include:
Student notes - brief notes for review
Extended set of study examples - examples in addition to those in the text
How-to notes - cover frequently asked questions



Table of Contents

1 Introduction 1
1.1 A Thermodynamic System and the Control Volume, 2

1.2 Macroscopic versus Microscopic Points of View, 5

1.3 Properties and State of a Substance, 6

1.4 Processes and Cycles, 6

1.5 Units for Mass, Length, Time, and Force, 8

1.6 Specific Volume and Density, 10

1.7 Pressure, 12

1.8 Energy, 18

1.9 Equality of Temperature, 20

1.10 The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics, 21

1.11 Temperature Scales, 21

1.12 Engineering Applications, 22

Summary, 26

Problems, 28

2 Pure Substance Behavior 35

2.1 The Pure Substance, 36

2.2 The Phase Boundaries, 36

2.3 The P-v-T Surface, 40

2.4 Tables of Thermodynamic Properties, 43

2.5 The Two-Phase States, 45

2.6 The Liquid and Solid States, 47

2.7 The Superheated Vapor States, 48

2.8 The Ideal Gas States, 51

2.9 The Compressibility Factor, 54

2.10 Equations of State, 58

2.11 Computerized Tables, 59

2.12 Engineering Applications, 59

Summary, 63

Problems, 64

3 First Law of Thermodynamics and Energy Equation 71

3.1 The Energy Equation, 71

3.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics, 74

3.3 The Definition of Work, 75

3.4 Work Done at the Moving Boundary of a Simple Compressible System, 80

3.5 Definition of Heat, 87

3.6 Heat Transfer Modes, 88

3.7 Internal Energy-a Thermodynamic Property, 90

3.8 Problem Analysis and Solution Technique, 92

3.9 The Thermodynamic Property Enthalpy, 97

3.10 The Constant-Volume and Constant-Pressure Specific Heats, 100

3.11 The Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specific Heat of Ideal Gases, 102

3.12 General Systems That Involve Work, 108

3.13 Conservation of Mass, 110

3.14 Engineering Applications, 112

Summary, 119

Problems, 122

4 Energy Equation for a Control Volume 138

4.1 Conservation of Mass and the Control Volume, 138

4.2 The Energy Equation for a Control Volume, 141

4.3 The Steady-State Process, 143

4.4 Examples of Steady-State Processes, 145

4.5 Multiple Flow Devices, 157

4.6 The Transient Process, 159

4.7 Engineering Applications, 165

Summary, 169

Problems, 172

5 The Classical Second Law of Thermodynamics 186

5.1 Heat Engines and Refrigerators, 186

5.2 The Second Law of Thermodynamics, 192

5.3 The Reversible Process, 195

5.4 Factors That Render Processes Irreversible, 196

5.5 The Carnot Cycle, 199

5.6 Two Propositions Regarding the Efficiency of a Carnot Cycle, 201

5.7 The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale, 202

5.8 The Ideal-Gas Temperature Scale, 203

5.9 Ideal versus Real Machines, 207

5.10 Engineering Applications, 210

Summary, 213

Problems, 215

6 Entropy for a Control Mass 224

6.1 The Inequality of Clausius, 224

6.2 Entropy-a Property of a System, 228

6.3 The Entropy of a Pure Substance, 230

6.4 Entropy Change in Reversible Processes, 232

6.5 The Thermodynamic Property Relation, 237

6.6 Entropy Change of a Solid or Liquid, 238

6.7 Entropy Change of an Ideal Gas, 239

6.8 The Reversible Polytropic Process for an Ideal Gas, 243

6.9 Entropy Change of a Control Mass During an Irreversible Process, 247

6.10 Entropy Generation and the Entropy Equation, 248

6.11 Principle of the Increase of Entropy, 251

6.12 Entropy as a Rate Equation, 254

6.13 Some General Comments about Entropy and Chaos, 258

Summary, 260

Problems, 262

7 Entropy Equation for a Control Volume 274

7.1 The Second Law of Thermodynamics for a Control Volume, 274

7.2 The Steady-State Process and the Transient Process, 276

7.3 The Steady-State Single-Flow Process, 283

7.4 Principle of the Increase of Entropy, 287

7.5 Engineering Applications-Efficiency, 290

7.6 Summary of General Control Volume Analysis, 296

Summary, 297

Problems, 299

8 Exergy 313

8.1 Exergy, Reversible Work, and Irreversibility, 313

8.2 Exergy and Second-Law Efficiency, 324

8.3 Exergy Balance Equation, 332

8.4 Engineering Applications, 337

Summary, 338

Problems, 339

9 Power and Refrigeration Systems-with Phase Change 349

9.1 Introduction to Power Systems, 350

9.2 The Rankine Cycle, 352

9.3 Effect of Pressure and Temperature on the Rankine Cycle, 355

9.4 The Reheat Cycle, 359

9.5 The Regenerative Cycle and Feedwater Heaters, 362

9.6 Deviation of Actual Cycles from Ideal Cycles, 368

9.7 Combined Heat and Power: Other Configurations, 372

9.8 Introduction to Refrigeration Systems, 374

9.9 The Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle, 375

9.10 Working Fluids for Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Systems, 378

9.11 Deviation of the Actual Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle from the Ideal Cycle, 379

9.12 Refrigeration Cycle Configurations, 382

9.13 The Absorption Refrigeration Cycle, 384

Summary, 386

Problems, 387

10 Power and Refrigeration Systems-Gaseous Working Fluids 400

10.1 Air-Standard Power Cycles, 400

10.2 The Brayton Cycle, 401

10.3 The Simple Gas-Turbine Cycle with a Regenerator, 408

10.4 Gas-Turbine Power Cycle Configurations, 411

10.5 The Air-Standard Cycle for Jet Propulsion, 415

10.6 The Air-Standard Refrigeration Cycle, 418

10.7 Reciprocating Engine Power Cycles, 421

10.8 The Otto Cycle, 422

10.9 The Diesel Cycle, 427

10.10 The Stirling Cycle, 430

10.11 The Atkinson and Miller Cycles, 430

10.12 Combined-Cycle Power and Refrigeration Systems, 433

Summary, 435

Problems, 437

11 Ideal Gas Mixtures 448

11.1 General Considerations and Mixtures of Ideal Gases, 448

11.2 A Simplified Mod