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For one-semester, undergraduate- or graduate-level courses in Cryptography, Computer Security, and Network Security

A practical survey of cryptography and network security with unmatched support for instructors and students

In this age of universal electronic connectivity, viruses and hackers, electronic eavesdropping, and electronic fraud, security is paramount. This text provides a practical survey of both the principles and practice of cryptography and network security. First, the basic issues to be addressed by a network security capability are explored through a tutorial and survey of cryptography and network security technology. Then, the practice of network security is explored via practical applications that have been implemented and are in use today. An unparalleled support package for instructors and students ensures a successful teaching and learning experience.


Teaching and Learning Experience

To provide a better teaching and learning experience, for both instructors and students, this program will:

Support Instructors and Students: An unparalleled support package for instructors and students ensures a successful teaching and learning experience.
Apply Theory and/or the Most Updated Research: A practical survey of both the principles and practice of cryptography and network security.
Engage Students with Hands-on Projects: Relevant projects demonstrate the importance of the subject, offer a real-world perspective, and keep students interested.

Preface xiii

Chapter 0 Guide for Readers and Instructors 1

0.1 Outline of This Book 2

0.2 A Roadmap for Readers and Instructors 3
0.3 Internet and Web Resources 4

0.4 Standards 5

Chapter 1 Overview 7

1.1 Computer Security Concepts 9

1.2 The OSI Security Architecture 14
1.3 Security Attacks 15

1.4 Security Services 17
1.5 Security Mechanisms 20

1.6 A Model for Network Security 22
1.7 Recommended Reading 24

1.8 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 25

Part One Symmetric Ciphers 27

Chapter 2 Classical Encryption Techniques 27

2.1 Symmetric Cipher Model 28

2.2 Substitution Techniques 34
2.3 Transposition Techniques 49

2.4 Rotor Machines 50
2.5 Steganography 52

2.6 Recommended Reading 54
2.7 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 55

Chapter 3 Block Ciphers and the Data Encryption Standard 61

3.1 Traditional Block Cipher Structure 63
3.2 The Data Encryption Standard 72

3.3 A DES Example 74
3.4 The Strength of DES 77

3.5 Block Cipher Design Principles 78
3.6 Recommended Reading 80

3.7 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 81

Chapter 4 Basic Concepts in Number Theory and Finite Fields 85

4.1 Divisibility and the Division Algorithm 87

4.2 The Euclidean Algorithm 88
4.3 Modular Arithmetic 91

4.4 Groups, Rings, and Fields 99
4.5 Finite Fields of the Form GF( p) 102

4.6 Polynomial Arithmetic 106
4.7 Finite Fields of the Form GF(2n) 112

4.8 Recommended Reading 124
4.9 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 124

Appendix 4A The Meaning of mod 127

Chapter 5 Advanced Encryption Standard 129

5.1 Finite Field Arithmetic 130
5.2 AES Structure 132

5.3 AES Transformation Functions 137
5.4 AES Key Expansion 148

5.5 An AES Example 151
5.6 AES Implementation 155

5.7 Recommended Reading 159
5.8 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 160

Appendix 5A Polynomials with Coefficients in GF(28) 162

Appendix 5B Simplified AES 164

Chapter 6 Block Cipher Operation 174

6.1 Multiple Encryption and Triple DES 175
6.2 Electronic Code book 180

6.3 Cipher Block Chaining Mode 183
6.4 Cipher Feedback Mode 185

6.5 Output Feedback Mode 187
6.6 Counter Mode 189

6.7 XTS-AES Mode for Block-Oriented Storage Devices 191
6.8 Recommended Reading 198

6.9 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 198

Chapter 7 Pseudorandom Number Generation and Stream Ciphers 202

7.1 Principles of Pseudorandom Number Generation 203

7.2 Pseudorandom Number Generators 210
7.3 Pseudorandom Number Generation Using a Block Cipher 213

7.4 Stream Ciphers 219
7.5 RC4 221

7.6 True Random Number Generators 223
7.7 Recommended Reading 227

7.8 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 228

Part Two Asymmetric Ciphers 231

Chapter 8 More Number Theory 231

8.1 Prime Numbers 232

8.2 Fermat's and Euler's Theorems 236
8.3 Testing for Primality 239

8.4 The Chinese Remainder Theorem 242
8.5 Discrete Logarithms 244

8.6 Recommended Reading 249
8.7 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 250

Chapter 9 Public-Key Cryptography and RSA 253

9.1 Principles of Public-Key Cryptosystems 256
9.2 The RSA Algorithm 264

9.3 Recommended Reading 278
9.4 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 279

Appendix 9A The Complexity of Algorithms 283

Chapter 10 Other Public-Key Cryptosystems 286

10.1 Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange 287
10.2 Elgamal Cryptographic System 292

10.3 Elliptic Curve Arithmetic 295
10.4 Elliptic Curve Cryptography 303

10.5 Pseudorandom Number Generation Based on an Asymmetric Cipher 306
10.6 Recommended Reading 309

10.7 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 309

Part Three Cryptographic Data Integrity Algorithms 313

Chapter 11 Cryptographic Hash Functions 313

11.1 Applications of Cryptographic Hash Functions 315

11.2 Two Simple Hash Functions 320
11.3 Requirements and Security 322

11.4 Hash Functions Based on Cipher Block Chaining 328
11.5 Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA) 329

11.6 SHA-3 339
11.7 Recommended Reading 351

11.8 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 351

Chapter 12 Message Authentication Codes 355

12.1 Message Authentication Requirements 357

12.2 Message Authentication Functions 357
12.3 Requirements for Message Authentication Codes 365

12.4 Security of MACs 367
12.5 MACs Based on Hash Functions: HMAC 368

12.6 MACs Based on Block Ciphers: DAA and CMAC 373
12.7 Authenticated Encryption: CCM and GCM 376

12.8 Key Wrapping 382
12.9 Pseudorandom Number Generation using Hash Functions and MACs 387

12.10 Recommended Reading 390
12.11 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 390

Chapter 13 Digital Signatures 393

13.1 Digital Signatures 395
13.2 Elgamal Digital Signature Scheme 398

13.3 Schnorr Digital Signature Scheme 400
13.4 NIST Digital Signature Algorithm 401

13.5 Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm 404
13.6 RSA-PSS Digital Signature Algorithm 407

13.7 Recommended Reading 412
13.8 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 412

Part Four Mutual Trust 417

Chapter 14 Key Management and Distribution 417

14.1 Symmetric Key Distribution Using Symmetric Encryption 418
14.2 Symmetric Key Distribution Using Asymmetric Encryption 427

14.3 Distribution of Public Keys 430
14.4 X.509 Certificates 435

14.5 Public-Key Infrastructure 443
14.6 Recommended Reading 445

14.7 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 446

Chapter 15 User Authentication 450

15.1