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This is a modern textbook on digital communications and is designed for senior undergraduate and graduate students, whilst also providing a valuable reference for those working in the telecommunications industry. It provides a simple and thorough access to a wide range of topics through use of figures, tables, examples and problem sets. The author provides an integrated approach between RF engineering and statistical theory of communications. Intuitive explanations of the theoretical and practical aspects of telecommunications help the reader to acquire a deeper understanding of the topics. The book covers the fundamentals of antennas, channel modelling, receiver system noise, A/D conversion of signals, PCM, baseband transmission, optimum receiver, modulation techniques, error control coding, OFDM, fading channels, diversity and combining techniques, MIMO systems and cooperative communications. It will be an essential reference for all students and practitioners in the electrical engineering field.
Table of Contents
Preface xiv
List of Abbreviations xviii
About the Companion Website xxi
1 Signal Analysis 1
1.1 Relationship Between Time and Frequency Characteristics of Signals 2
1.2 Power Spectal Density (PSD) and Energy Spectral Density (ESD) 15
1.3 Random Signals 18
1.4 Signal Transmission Through Linear Systems 27
References 31
Problems 31
2 Antennas 33
2.1 Hertz Dipole 34
2.2 Linear Dipole Antenna 40
2.3 Aperture Antennas 43
2.4 Isotropic and Omnidirectional Antennas 47
2.5 Antenna Parameters 48
References 78
Problems 78
3 Channel Modeling 82
3.1 Wave Propagation in Low- and Medium-Frequency Bands (Surface Waves) 83
3.2 Wave Propagation in the HF Band (Sky Waves) 84
3.3 Wave Propagation in VHF and UHF Bands 85
3.4 Wave Propagation in SHF and EHF Bands 106
3.5 Tropospheric Refraction 118
3.6 Outdoor Path-Loss Models 123
3.7 Indoor Propagation Models 129
3.8 Propagation in Vegetation 134
References 137
Problems 137
4 Receiver System Noise 145
4.1 Thermal Noise 146
4.2 Equivalent Noise Temperature 147
4.3 Noise Figure 150
4.4 External Noise and Antenna Noise Temperature 153
4.5 System Noise Temperature 167
4.6 Additive White Gaussian Noise Channel 174
References 175
Problems 175
5 Pulse Modulation 184
5.1 Analog-to-Digital Conversion 185
5.2 Time-Division Multiplexing 209
5.3 Pulse-Code Modulation (PCM) Systems 212
5.4 Differential Quantization Techniques 220
References 236
Problems 236
6 Baseband Transmission 245
6.1 The Channel 245
6.2 Matched Filter 249
6.3 Baseband M-ary PAM Transmission 263
6.4 Intersymbol Interference 268
6.5 Nyquist Criterion for Distortionless Baseband Binary Transmission In a ISI Channel 272
6.6 Correlative-Level Coding (Partial-Response Signalling) 278
6.7 Equalization in Digital Transmission Systems 283
References 287
Problems 287
7 Optimum Receiver in AWGN Channel 298
7.1 Introduction 298
7.2 Geometric Representation of Signals 300
7.3 Coherent Demodulation in AWGN Channels 302
7.4 Probability of Error 311
References 319
Problems 319
8 Passband Modulation Techniques 323
8.1 PSD of Passband Signals 324
8.2 Synchronization 327
8.3 Coherently Detected Passband Modulations 332
8.4 Noncoherently Detected Passband Modulations 367
8.5 Comparison of Modulation Techniques 374
References 378
Problems 379
9 Error Control Coding 386
9.1 Introduction to Channel Coding 386
9.2 Maximum Likelihood Decoding (MLD) with Hard and Soft Decisions 390
9.3 Linear Block Codes 396
9.4 Cyclic Codes 415
9.5 Burst Error Correction 429
9.6 Convolutional Coding 436
9.7 Concatenated Coding 454
9.8 Turbo Codes 456
9.9 Automatic Repeat-Request (ARQ) 459
Appendix 9A Shannon Limit For Hard-Decision and Soft-Decision Decoding 471
References 473
Problems 473
10 Broadband Transmission Techniques 479
10.1 Spread Spectrum 481
10.2 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) 519
Appendix 10A Frequency Domain Analysis of DSSS Signals 545
Appendix 10B Time Domain Analysis of DSSS Signals 547
Appendix 10C SIR in OFDM systems 548
References 551
Problems 552
11 Fading Channels 557
11.1 Introduction 558
11.2 Characterisation of Multipath Fading Channels 559
11.3 Modeling Fading and Shadowing 582
11.4 Bit Error Probability in Frequency-Nonselective Slowly Fading Channels 604
11.5 Frequency-Selective Slowly-Fading Channels 614
11.6 Resource Allocation in Fading Channels 622
References 626
Problems 626
12 Diversity and Combining Techniques 638
12.1 Antenna Arrays in Non-Fading Channels 640
12.2 Antenna Arrays in Fading Channels 650
12.3 Correlation Effects in Fading Channels 654
12.4 Diversity Order, Diversity Gain and Array Gain 657
12.5 Ergodic and Outage Capacity in Fading Channels 660
12.6 Diversity and Combining 664
References 691
Problems 692
13 MIMO Systems 701
13.1 Channel Classification 702
13.2 MIMO Channels with Arbitrary Number of Transmit and Receive Antennas 703
13.3 Eigenvalues of the Random Wishart Matrix HHH 707
13.4 A 2 × 2 MIMO Channel 718
13.5 Diversity Order of a MIMO System 722
13.6 Capacity of a MIMO System 723
13.7 MIMO Beamforming Systems 730
13.8 Transmit Antenna Selection (TAS) in MIMO Systems 734
13.9 Parasitic MIMO Systems 740
13.10 MIMO Systems with Polarization Diversity 748
References 753
Problems 755
14 Cooperative Communications 758
14.1 Dual-Hop Amplify-and-Forward Relaying 759
14.2 Relay Selection in Dual-Hop Relaying 767
14.3 Source and Destination with Multiple Antennas in Dual-Hop AF Relaying 776
14.4 Dual-Hop Detect-and-Forward Relaying 787
14.5 Relaying with Multiple Antennas at Source, Relay and Destination 796
14.6 Coded Cooperation 798
Appendix 14A CDF of ?eq and ?eq,0 800
Appendix 14B Average Capacity of ?eq,0 801
Appendix 14C Rayleigh Approximation for Equivalent SNR with Relay Selection 802
Appendix 14D CDF of ?eq,a 804
References 806
Problems 807
Appendix A: Vector Calculus in Spherical Coordinates 810
Appendix B: Gaussian Q Function 811
Appendix C: Fourier Transforms 819
Appendix D: Mathematical Tools 821
Appendix E: The Wishart Distribution 834
Appendix F: Probability and Random Variables 844
Index 871