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The updated and much expanded 3e of the Handbook of Radioactivity Analysis is an authoritative reference providing the principles, practical techniques, and procedures for the accurate measurement of radioactivity from the very low levels encountered in the environment to higher levels measured in radioisotope research, clinical laboratories, biological sciences, radionuclide standardization, nuclear medicine, nuclear power, and fuel cycle facilities and in the implementation of nuclear forensic analysis and nuclear safeguards. The book describes the basic principles of radiation detection and measurement and the preparation of samples from a wide variety of matrices, assists the investigator or technician in the selection and use of appropriate radiation detectors, and presents state-of-the-art methods of analysis. Fundamentals of radiation properties, radionuclide decay, the calculations involved, and methods of detection provide the basis for a thorough understanding of the analytical procedures. The Handbook of Radioactivity Analysis, 3e, is suitable as a teaching text for university and professional training courses.

Key Features
The only comprehensive reference that describes the principles of detection and practical applications of every type of radioactivity detector currently used. The new 3e is broader in scope, with revised and expanded chapters, new authors, and seven new chapters on Alpha Spectrometry, Radionuclide Standardization, Radioactive Aerosol Measurements, Environmental Radioactivity Monitoring, Marine Radioactivity Analysis, Nuclear Forensic Analysis and Analytical Techniques in Nuclear Safeguards
Discusses in detail the principles, theory and practice applied to all types of radiation detection and measurement, making it useful for both teaching and research



Table of Contents
Acronyms

Acronyms, Abbreviations and Symbols

Foreword

Foreword to the Third Edition

Preface

Preface to the Third Edition

Chapter 1. Radiation Physics and Radionuclide Decay

I Introduction

II Discovery and Early Characterization of Radioactivity

III Basic Units and Definitions

IV Properties of the Nucleus

V Naturally Occurring Radionuclides

VI Artificially Produced Radionuclides

VII Nuclear Reactions

VIII Particulate Radiation

IX Electromagnetic Radiation - Photons

X Interaction of Electromagnetic Radiation with Matter

XI Radioactive Nuclear Recoil

XII Cosmic Radiation

XIII Radiation Dose

XIV Stopping Power and Linear Energy Transfer

XV Radionuclide Decay, Ingrowth, and Equilibrium

XVI Radioactivity Units and Radionuclide Mass

REFERENCES

Chapter 2. Radioactivity Counting Statistics

I Introduction

II Statistical Distributions

III Analysis of a Sample of Results

IV Statistical Inference

V Regression

VI Detection Limits

VII Metrology Applications

REFERENCES

Relevant Statistical References Tables

Chapter 3. Gas Ionization Detectors

I Introduction: Principles of Radiation Detection by Gas Ionization

II Characterization of Gas Ionization Detectors

III Definition of Operating Characteristics of Gas Ionization Detectors

IV Ion Chambers

V Proportional Gas Ionization Detectors

VI Geiger-Müller Counters

VII Special Types of Ionization Detectors

REFERENCES

Chapter 4. Solid-State Nuclear Track Detectors

Part 1 Elements

II Detector Materials and Classification of Solid-State Nuclear Track Detectors

III Recordable Particles with Solid-State Nuclear Track Detectors

IV Track Formation Mechanisms and Criteria

V Track Revelation

VI Particle Identification

VII Track Fading and Annealing

VIII Instrumentation

Part 2 Applications

II Physical Sciences and Nuclear Technology

III Earth and Planetary Sciences

IV Life and Environmental Sciences

V NanoTechnology and Radiation Induced Material Modifications

Acknowledgments

REFERENCES

Chapter 5. Semiconductor Detectors

I Introduction

II Ge Detectors

III Si Detectors

IV Spectroscopic Analyses with Semiconductor Detectors

REFERENCES

Chapter 6. Alpha Spectrometry

I Introduction

II Alpha Decay and Alpha-Emitting Nuclides

III Detection Systems

IV Characteristics of the Alpha Spectrum

V Radiochemical Processing

VI Determination of Alpha Activity and Recovery

VII Quality Control

VIII Conclusions

REFERENCES

Chapter 7. Liquid Scintillation Analysis: Principles and Practice

I Introduction

II Basic Theory

III Liquid Scintillation Counter (Lsc) or Analyzer (LSA)

IV Quench in Liquid Scintillation Counting

V Methods of Quench Correction in Liquid Scintillation Counting

VI Analysis of X-Ray, Gamma-Ray, Atomic Electron and Positron Emitters

VII Common Interferences in Liquid Scintillation Counting

VIII Multiple Radionuclide Analysis

IX Radionuclide Standardization

X Neutron/Gamma-Ray Measurement and Discrimination

XI Double Beta (ßß) Decay Detection and Measurement

XII Detection and Measurement of Neutrinos

XIII Microplate Scintillation and Luminescence Counting

XIV PERALS and LS Alpha-Spectrometry with LAAPDs

XV Simultaneous a/ß Analysis

XVI Plastic Scintillators in LSC

XVII Scintillation in Noble Liquids

XVIII Radionuclide Identification

XIX Air Luminescence Counting

XX Liquid Scintillation Counter Performance

REFERENCES

Chapter 8. Sample Preparation Techniques for Liquid Scintillation Analysis

I Introduction

II LSC Cocktail Components1

III Dissolution

IV Solubilization2

V Combustion

VI Comparison of Sample Oxidation and Solubilization Techniques3

VII Carbon Dioxide Trapping and Counting4

VIII Biological Samples Encountered in Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion

IX Filter and Membrane Counting5

X Sample Stability Troubleshooting

XI Swipe Assays

XII Preparation and Use of Quench Curves in Liquid Scintillation Counting6

XIII Environmental Sample Preparation7

XIV Waste Cocktails - Environmental Consequences

Acknowledgment

REFERENCES

Chapter 9. Environmental Liquid Scintillation Analysis

I Introduction

II Low-Level Liquid Scintillation Counting Theory

III a/ß Discrimination

IV Analysis of /ß-Emitting Radionuclides

V Analysis of Radionuclides from Natural Decay Series

VI Analysis of Transuranium Elements

VII Analysis of 14C in Fuels Containing Biogenic Materials

VIII Spectrum Deconvolution Methods in Environmental Analysis

REFERENCES

Chapter 10. Environmental Radioactivity Monitoring

I Introduction: Objective of Environmental Monitoring

II Types of Monitoring Programs

III Fundamentals of Environmental Monitoring

IV Monitoring for Internal Exposure

V Monitoring for External Exposure

VI Mobile Monitoring

REFERENCES

Chapter 11. Radioactive Aerosol Analysis

I Introduction

II Radioactive Aerosol Sampling and Measurement

III Radioactive Aerosols in Ambi