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An internationally best-selling, conceptual introduction to the TCP/IP protocols and Internetworking, this book interweaves a clear discussion of fundamentals and scientific principles with details and examples drawn from the latest technologies. Leading author Douglas Comer covers layering and packet formats for all the Internet protocols, includingTCP, IPv4, IPv6, DHCP, and DNS. In addition, the text explains new trends in Internet systems, including packet classification, Software Defined Networking (SDN), and mesh protocols used in The Internet of Things.

The text is appropriate for individuals interested in learning more about TCP/IP protocols, Internet architecture, and current networking technologies, as well as engineers who build network systems. It is suitable for junior to graduate-level courses in Computer Networks, Data Networks, Network Protocols, and Internetworking.



Foreword xxiii

Preface xxv

Chapter 1 Introduction And Overview 1

1.1 The Motivation For Internetworking 1

1.2 The TCP/IP Internet 2

1.3 Internet Services 2

1.4 History And Scope Of The Internet 6

1.5 The Internet Architecture Board 7

1.6 The IAB Reorganization 8

1.7 Internet Request For Comments (RFCs) 8

1.8 Internet Growth 9

1.9 Transition To IPv6 12

1.10 Committee Design And The New Version of IP 12

1.11 Relationship Between IPv4 And IPv6 13

1.12 IPv6 Migration 14

1.13 Dual Stack Systems 15

1.14 Organization Of The Text 15

1.15 Summary 16

Chapter 2 Overview Of Underlying Network Technologies 19

2.1 Introduction 19

2.2 Two Approaches To Network Communication 20

2.3 WAN And LAN 21

2.4 Hardware Addressing Schemes 21

2.5 Ethernet (IEEE 802.3) 22

2.6 Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11) 26

2.7 ZigBee (IEEE 802.15.4) 26

2.8 Optical Carrier And Packet Over SONET (OC, POS) 27

2.9 Point-To-Point Networks 28

2.10 VLAN Technology And Broadcast Domains 28

2.11 Bridging 29

2.12 Congestion And Packet Loss 30

2.13 Summary 31

Chapter 3 Internetworking Concept And Architectural Model 35

3.1 Introduction 35

3.2 Application-Level Interconnection 35

3.3 Network-Level Interconnection 37

3.4 Properties Of The Internet 38

3.5 Internet Architecture 39

3.6 Interconnection Of Multiple Networks With IP Routers 39

3.7 The User's View 41

3.8 All Networks Are Equal 42

3.9 The Unanswered Questions 43

3.10 Summary 43

Chapter 4 Protocol Layering 47

4.1 Introduction 47

4.2 The Need For Multiple Protocols 47

4.3 The Conceptual Layers Of Protocol Software 49

4.4 Functionality Of The Layers 49

4.5 ISO 7-Layer Reference Model 50

4.6 X.25 And Its Relation To The ISO Model 51

4.7 The TCP/IP 5-Layer Reference Model 52

4.8 Locus Of Intelligence 56

4.9 The Protocol Layering Principle 57

4.10 The Layering Principle Applied To A Network 58

4.11 Layering In Mesh Networks 60

4.12 Two Important Boundaries In The TCP/IP Model 62

4.13 Cross-Layer Optimizations 63

4.14 The Basic Idea Behind Multiplexing And Demultiplexing 64

4.15 Summary 66

Chapter 5 Internet Addressing 69

5.1 Introduction 69

5.2 Universal Host Identifiers 69

5.3 The Original IPv4 Classful Addressing Scheme 71

5.4 Dotted Decimal Notation Used With IPv4 72

5.5 IPv4 Subnet Addressing 72

5.6 Fixed Length IPv4 Subnets 75

5.7 Variable-Length IPv4 Subnets 77

5.8 Implementation Of IPv4 Subnets With Masks 77

5.9 IPv4 Subnet Mask Representation And Slash Notation 78

5.10 The Current Classless IPv4 Addressing Scheme 79

5.11 IPv4 Address Blocks And CIDR Slash Notation 82

5.12 A Classless IPv4 Addressing Example 82

5.13 IPv4 CIDR Blocks Reserved For Private Networks 83

5.14 The IPv6 Addressing Scheme 84

5.15 IPv6 Colon Hexadecimal Notation 84

5.16 IPv6 Address Space Assignment 85

5.17 Embedding IPv4 Addresses In IPv6 For Transition 86

5.18 IPv6 Unicast Addresses And /64 87

5.19 IPv6 Interface Identifiers And MAC Addresses 88

5.20 IP Addresses, Hosts, And Network Connections 89

5.21 Special Addresses 90

5.22 Weaknesses In Internet Addressing 94

5.23 Internet Address Assignment And Delegation Of Authority 96

5.24 An Example IPv4 Address Assignment 96

5.25 Summary 98

Chapter 6 Mapping Internet Addresses To Physical Addresses (ARP) 101

6.1 Introduction 101

6.2 The Address Resolution Problem 101

6.3 Two Types Of Hardware Addresses 102

6.4 Resolution Through Direct Mapping 102

6.5 Resolution In A Direct-Mapped Network 103

6.6 IPv4 Address Resolution Through Dynamic Binding 104

6.7 The ARP Cache 105

6.8 ARP Cache Timeout 106

6.9 ARP Refinements 106

6.10 Relationship Of ARP To Other Protocols 108

6.11 ARP Implementation 108

6.12 ARP Encapsulation And Identification 110

6.13 ARP Message Format 110

6.14 Automatic ARP Cache Revalidation 112

6.15 Reverse Address Resolution (RARP) 112

6.16 ARP Caches In Layer 3 Switches 113

6.17 Proxy ARP 114

6.18 IPv6 Neighbor Discovery 115

6.19 Summary 116

Chapter 7 Internet Protocol: Connectionless Datagram Delivery (IPv4, 119

IPv6)

7.1 Introduction 119

7.2 A Virtual Network 119

7.3 Internet Architecture And Philosophy 120

7.4 Principles Behind The Structure 120

7.5 Connectionless Delivery System Characteristics 121

7.6 Purpose And Importance Of The Internet Protocol 122

7.7 The IP Datagram 122

7.8 Datagram Type Of Service And Differentiated Services 127

7.9 Datagram Encapsulation 129

7.10 Datagram Size, Network MTU, and Fragmentation 130

7.11 Datagram Reassembly 134

7.12 Header Fields Used For Datagram Reassembly 135

7.13 Time To Live (IPv4) And Hop Limit (IPv6) 136

7.14 Optional IP Items 137

7.15 Options Processing During Fragmentation 141

7.16 Network Byte Order 143

7.17 Summary 144

Chapter 8 Internet Protocol: Forwarding IP Datagrams 147

8.1 Introduction 147

8.2 Forwarding In An Internet 147

8.3 Direct And Indirect Delivery 149

8.4 Transmission Across A Single Network 150

8.5 Indirect Delivery 151

8.6 Table-Driven IP Forwarding 152

8.7 Next-Hop Forwarding 153

8.8 Default Routes And A Host Example 155

8.9 Host-Specific Routes 156

8.10 The IP Forwarding Algorithm 157

8.11 Longest-Prefix Match Paradigm 158

8.12 Forwarding Tables And IP Addresses 160

8.13 Handling Incoming Datagrams 161

8.14 Forwarding In The Presence Of Broadcast And Multicast 162

8.15 Software Routers And Sequential Lookup 163

8.16 Establishing Forwarding Tables 163

8.17 Summary 163

Chapter 9 Internet Protocol: Error And Control Messages (ICMP) 167

9.1 Introduction 167

9.2 The Internet Control Message Protocol 167

9.3 Error Reporting Vs. Error Correction 169

9.4 ICMP Message Delivery 170

9.5 Conceptual Layering 171

9.6 ICMP Message Format 171

9.7 Example ICMP Message Types Used With IPv4 And IPv6 172

9.8 Testing Destination Reachability And Status (Ping) 17