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A hands-on introduction to advanced applications of power system transients with practical examples

Transient Analysis of Power Systems: A Practical Approach offers an authoritative guide to the traditional capabilities and the new software and hardware approaches that can be used to carry out transient studies and make possible new and more complex research. The book explores a wide range of topics from an introduction to the subject to a review of the many advanced applications, involving the creation of custom-made models and tools and the application of multicore environments for advanced studies.

The authors cover the general aspects of the transient analysis such as modelling guidelines, solution techniques and capabilities of a transient tool. The book also explores the usual application of a transient tool including over-voltages, power quality studies and simulation of power electronics devices. In addition, it contains an introduction to the transient analysis using the ATP. All the studies are supported by practical examples and simulation results. This important book:

Summarises modelling guidelines and solution techniques used in transient analysis of power systems
Provides a collection of practical examples with a detailed introduction and a discussion of results
Includes a collection of case studies that illustrate how a simulation tool can be used for building environments that can be applied to both analysis and design of power systems
Offers guidelines for building custom-made models and libraries of modules, supported by some practical examples
Facilitates application of a transients tool to fields hardly covered with other time-domain simulation tools
Includes a companion website with data (input) files of examples presented, case studies and power point presentations used to support cases studies
Written for EMTP users, electrical engineers, Transient Analysis of Power Systems is a hands-on and practical guide to advanced applications of power system transients that includes a range of practical examples.



TABLE OF CONTENTS
About the Editor xv

List of Contributors xvii

Preface xix

About the Companion Website xxi

1 Introduction to Transients Analysis of Power Systems with ATP 1
Juan A. Martinez-Velasco

1.1 Overview 1

1.2 The ATP Package 3

1.3 ATP Documentation 5

1.4 Scope of the Book 6

References 8

2 Modelling of Power Components for Transients Studies 11
Juan A. Martinez-Velasco

2.1 Introduction 11

2.2 Overhead Lines 12

2.2.1 Overview 12

2.2.2 Multi-conductor Transmission Line Equations and Models 13

2.2.2.1 Transmission Line Equations 13

2.2.2.2 Corona Effect 15

2.2.2.3 Line Constants Routine 15

2.2.3 Transmission Line Towers 16

2.2.4 Transmission Line Grounding 17

2.2.4.1 Introduction 17

2.2.4.2 Low-Frequency Models 17

2.2.4.3 High-Frequency Models 18

2.2.4.4 Treatment of Soil Ionization 20

2.2.5 Transmission Line Insulation 21

2.2.5.1 Voltage-Time Curves 21

2.2.5.2 Integration Methods 22

2.2.5.3 Physical Models 22

2.3 Insulated Cables 23

2.3.1 Overview 23

2.3.2 Insulated Cable Designs 24

2.3.3 Bonding Techniques 25

2.3.4 Material Properties 26

2.3.5 Discussion 27

2.3.6 Cable Constants/Parameters Routines 27

2.4 Transformers 28

2.4.1 Overview 28

2.4.2 Transformer Models for Low-Frequency Transients 31

2.4.2.1 Introduction to Low-Frequency Models 31

2.4.2.2 Single-Phase Transformer Models 32

2.4.2.3 Three-Phase Transformer Models 36

2.4.3 Transformer Modelling for High-Frequency Transients 37

2.4.3.1 Introduction to High-Frequency Models 37

2.4.3.2 Models for Internal Voltage Calculation 39

2.4.3.3 Terminal Models 41

2.5 Rotating Machines 45

2.5.1 Overview 45

2.5.2 Rotating Machine Models for Low-Frequency Transients 46

2.5.2.1 Introduction 46

2.5.2.2 Modelling of Induction Machines 46

2.5.2.3 Modelling of Synchronous Machines 51

2.5.3 High-Frequency Models for Rotating Machine Windings 55

2.5.3.1 Introduction 55

2.5.3.2 Internal Models 56

2.5.3.3 Terminal Models 58

2.6 Circuit Breakers 58

2.6.1 Overview 58

2.6.2 Circuit Breaker Models for Opening Operations 59

2.6.2.1 Current Interruption 59

2.6.2.2 Circuit Breaker Models 60

2.6.2.3 Gas-Filled Circuit Breaker Models 61

2.6.2.4 Vacuum Circuit Breaker Models 62

2.6.3 Circuit Breaker Models for Closing Operations 64

2.6.3.1 Introduction 64

2.6.3.2 Statistical Switches 65

2.6.3.3 Prestrike Models 66

Acknowledgement 66

References 66

3 Solution Techniques for Electromagnetic Transient Analysis 75
Juan A. Martinez-Velasco

3.1 Introduction 75

3.2 Modelling of Power System Components for Transient Analysis 76

3.3 Solution Techniques for Electromagnetic Transients Analysis 78

3.3.1 Introduction 78

3.3.2 Solution Techniques for Linear Networks 78

3.3.2.1 The Trapezoidal Rule 78

3.3.2.2 Companion Circuits of Basic Circuit Elements 79

3.3.2.3 Computation of Transients in Linear Networks 85

3.3.2.4 Example: Transient Solution of a Linear Network 86

3.3.3 Networks with Nonlinear Elements 87

3.3.3.1 Introduction 87

3.3.3.2 Compensation Methods 87

3.3.3.3 Piecewise Linear Representation 89

3.3.4 Solution Methods for Networks with Switches 90

3.3.5 Numerical Oscillations 91

3.4 Transient Analysis of Control Systems 96

3.5 Initialization 97

3.5.1 Introduction 97

3.5.2 Initialization of the Power Network 97

3.5.2.1 Options for Steady-State Solution Without Harmonics 97

3.5.2.2 Steady-State Solution 98

3.5.3 Load Flow Solution 99

3.5.4 Initialization of Control Systems 100

3.6 Discussion 100

3.6.1 Solution Techniques Implemented in ATP 101

3.6.2 Other Solution Techniques 101

3.6.2.1 Transient Solution of Networks 101

3.6.2.2 Transient Analysis of Control Systems 102

3.6.2.3 Steady-State Initialization 102

Acknowledgement 103

References 103

To Probe Further 106

4 The ATP Package: Capabilities and Applications 107
Juan A. Martinez-Velasco and Jacinto Martin-Arnedo

4.1 Introduction 107

4.2 Capabilities of the ATP Package 108

4.2.1 Overview 108

4.2.2 The Simulation Module - TPBIG 109

4.2.2.1 Overview 109

4.2.2.2 Modelling Capabilities 110

4.2.2.3 Solution Techniques 117

4.2.3 The Graphical User Interface - ATPDraw 120

4.2.3.1 Overview 120

4.2.3.2 Main Functionalities 120

4.2.3.3 Supporting Modules for Power System Components 123

4.2.4 The Postprocessor - TOP 125

4.2.4.1 Data Management 125

4.2.4.2 Data Display 126

4.2.4.3 Data Processing 127

4.2.4.4 Data Formatting 127

4.2.4.5 Graphical Output 127

4.3 Applications 128

4.4 Illustrative Case Studies 129

4.4.1 Introduction 129

4.4.2 Case Study 1: Optimum Allocation of Capacitor Banks 130

4.4.3 Case Study 2: Parallel Resonance Between Transmission Lines 132

4.4.4 Case Study 3: Selec